Soap cleans things by acting as an emulsifier. An emulsifier is a substance that can mix two liquids that normally would not mix, such as oil and water. Soap molecules have a dual nature: one end is attracted to water (hydrophilic) and the other end is attracted to oil (hydrophobic). This allows the soap molecules to form micelles, which are tiny spheres with the hydrophobic ends facing inward and the hydrophilic ends facing outward. The micelles surround the dirt and oil particles, trapping them inside and allowing them to be washed away with water.

In addition to emulsifiers, soap also contains surfactants, which are substances that reduce the surface tension of water. This makes the water wetter and more likely to penetrate into the dirt and oil particles, helping to loosen them from the surface.

The combination of emulsification and surface tension reduction makes soap an effective cleaner for a variety of surfaces, including skin, dishes, and clothes.

Here are some additional details about how soap works:

• The hydrophilic end of the soap molecule is attracted to the water molecules. This is because the water molecules have a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other end. The soap molecule’s hydrophilic end has a negative charge, which makes it attracted to the positive charges on the water molecules.
• The hydrophobic end of the soap molecule is attracted to the oil molecules. This is because the oil molecules are non-polar, meaning they do not have a charge. The soap molecule’s hydrophobic end is also non-polar, which makes it attracted to the non-polar oil molecules.
• When the soap molecules are mixed with water and oil, the hydrophobic ends of the soap molecules surround the oil molecules. This forms micelles, which are tiny spheres with the oil molecules trapped inside.
• The micelles are then washed away with the water, carrying the oil molecules with them.

Soap is a very effective cleaner because it can remove both water-soluble and oil-soluble dirt. This makes it ideal for cleaning a variety of surfaces, including skin, dishes, and clothes.