The distinct properties of elements on the periodic table are due to their different atomic number and electron configuration.

• The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It is unique to each element.
• The electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in the atom’s orbitals. It is determined by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, as well as the number of electrons.

The number of protons in the nucleus determines the element’s valence electrons, which are the electrons that are furthest from the nucleus and are involved in chemical bonding. The valence electrons are responsible for the element’s chemical properties, such as its reactivity and its ability to form bonds with other elements.

The electron configuration also affects the element’s physical properties, such as its melting point, boiling point, and density.

The periodic table is arranged so that elements with similar electron configurations are grouped together. This allows us to see patterns in the elements’ properties and to predict how they will react with other elements.

Here are some examples of how the atomic number and electron configuration affect the properties of elements:

• Hydrogen (H) has an atomic number of 1 and an electron configuration of 1s1. It has one valence electron, which makes it a very reactive element. Hydrogen can bond with other elements to form compounds such as water (H2O) and methane (CH4).
• Helium (He) has an atomic number of 2 and an electron configuration of 1s2. It has two valence electrons, which are filled in its outermost shell. This makes helium a very stable element and it does not react with other elements.
• Oxygen (O) has an atomic number of 8 and an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p4. It has six valence electrons, which means it needs two more electrons to fill its outermost shell. Oxygen is a very reactive element and it can form bonds with two other oxygen atoms to form oxygen gas (O2).

The periodic table is a powerful tool that allows us to understand the properties of the elements and how they interact with each other. It is an essential tool for chemists, physicists, and other scientists.